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人教新课标八年级上英语unit7语法知识

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人教新课标八年级上英语unit7语法知识
人教新课标八年级上英语unit7语法知识
八年级上英语语法

12) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he, she, it”代替的.如:
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词.如:
man(单数)---men(复数) banana(单数)---bananas(复数)
3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词.如:
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式.如:
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
12) 英语中的“单数”
1.主语的第三人称单数形式,即可用“he, she, it”代替的.如:
he, she, it
my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle
2.名词有单数名词和复数名词.如:
man(单数)---men(复数) banana(单数)---bananas(复数)
3.动词有原形,第三人称单数形式,-ing分词,过去式,过去分词.如:
go---goes---going---went---gone
work---works---working---worked---worked
watch---watches---watching---watched---watched
当主语为第三人称单数的时候,谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式.如:
The boy wants to be a sales assistant.
Our English teacher is from the US.
Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself.
13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式
名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种.
I 名词复数的规则变化
1.一般在名词词尾加-s.如:
pear---pears hamburger---hamburgers
desk---desks tree---trees
2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x结尾的名词,词尾加-es.如:
class---classes dish---dishes
watch---watches box---boxes
3.以字母-o结尾的某些名词,词尾加-es.如:
potato---potatoes tomato---tomatoes
Negro---Negroes hero---heroes
4.以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,将-y变为-i,再加-es.如:
family---families dictionary---dictionaries
city---cities country---countries
5.以字母-f或-fe结尾的名词,将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es.如:
half---halves leaf---leaves
thief---thieves knife---knives
self---selves wife---wives
life---lives wolf---wolves
shelf---shelves loaf---loaves
但是:
scarf---scarves(fes) roof---roofs
serf---serfs gulf---gulfs
chief---chiefs proof---proofs
belief---beliefs
II 名词复数的不规则变化
1.将-oo改为--ee.如:
foot---feet tooth---teeth
2.将-man改为-men.如:
man---men woman---women
policeman---policemen postman---postmen
3.添加词尾.如:
child---children
4.单复数同形.如:
sheep---sheep deer---deer
fish---fish people---people
5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化.即“中日瑞不变英法变,其它国把-s加后面”.如:
Chinese---Chinese Japanese---Japanese
Swiss---Swiss
Englishman---Englishmen Frenchman---Frenchmen
American---Americans Australian---Australians
Canadian---Canadians Korean---Koreans
Russian---Russians Indian---Indians
6.其它.如:
mouse---mice
apple tree---apple trees
man teacher---men teachers
14) 双写最后一个字母的-ing分词
初中阶段常见的有以下这些:
1.let→letting 让
hit→hitting 打、撞
cut→cutting 切、割
get→getting 取、得到
sit→sitting 坐
forget→forgetting 忘记
put→putting 放
set→setting 设置
babysit→babysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿
2.shop→shopping 购物
trip→tripping 绊
stop→stopping 停止
drop→dropping 放弃
3.travel→travel(l)ing 旅游
swim→swimming 游泳
run→running 跑步
dig→digging 挖、掘
begin→beginning 开始
prefer→preferring 宁愿
plan→planning 计划
15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词
1.some变为any.如:
There are some birds in the tree.
→There aren't any birds in the tree.
但是,若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中,some可以不变.如:
Would you like some orange juice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如something, somebody等也要进行相应变化.
2.and变为or.如:
I have a knife and a ruler.
→I don't have a knife or a ruler.
3.a lot of (=lots of)变为many或much.如:
They have a lot of friends.(可数名词)
→They don't have many friends.
There is lots of orange in the bottle.(不可数名词)
→There isn't much orange in the bottle.
4.already变为yet.如:
I have been there already.
→I haven't been there yet.
16) in与after
in 与 after 都可以表示时间,但二者有所区别.
1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中,以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间.如:
He will leave for Beijing in a week.
一周后他会动身去北京.
2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中,以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间.如:
He left for Beijing after a week.
一周后他动身去了北京.
不过,如果after后跟的是具体的时刻,它也可用于将来时.如:
We will finish the work after ten o'clock.
十点后我们会完成工作的.
3.注意区分以下的in的用法.
I'll visit him in a week.
一周后我会去拜访他.
I'll visit him twice in a week.
一周内我会去拜访他两次.
17) 不定冠词a与an的使用
1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前.如:
There is a "b" in the word "book".
单词book中有个字母b.
类似的字母还有:c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z.
She has a small knife.
她有一把小刀.
2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前.如:
There is an "i" in the word "onion".
单词onion中有个字母i.
类似的字母还有:a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x.
Do you have an umbrella?
你有一把雨伞吗?
3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用an;以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都用a.如:
a useful book
a universe
a one-letter word
an hour
an uncle
an umbrella
an honest person
18) 如何表达英语中的“穿、戴”?
英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种,常见的有以下这些:
1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作.如:
He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套.
You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子.
2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态.如:
The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜.
The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙.
3、dress 可作及物动词,有“给.穿衣”的意思,后接“人”,而不是“衣服”.如:
Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服.
dress 也可作不及物动词,表示衣着的习惯.如:
The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服.
4、be in 表示穿着的状态.如:
John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服.
The man in black is a football coach.
19) a little, a few 与 a bit (of)
a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义.他们的区别在哪里呢?
1. a little 意为“一些、少量”,后接不可数名词.如:
There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水.
还可以接形容词.如:
He is a little shy. 他有些害羞.
2. a few 意为“一些、少数”,后接复数的可数名词.如:
There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人.
3. a bit 意为“一点儿”,后接形容词.如:
It's a bit cold. 有点冷.
a bit of 后接不可数名词.如:
He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱.
4. a little 表肯定意义,little 表否定意义;a few 表肯定意义,few 表否定意义.如:
There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水.
There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了.
I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友.
Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他.
5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词;
a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词,意为“有点儿”.
20) 关于like的用法
like 可以作动词,也可以作介词.
1、like 作动词,表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”,有泛指的含义.如:
Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗?
like 后可接不定式(like to do sth),也可接动词的-ing分词(like doing sth),有时意思不尽相同.如:
She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果.(习惯)
She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果.(平常不喜欢吃)
like 与 would 连用,后接不定式,表示愿望或客气的请求.如:
Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗?
“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth”.如:
They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌.
2、like 作介词,可译成“像.”.如:
She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好,就像母亲一样.
It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子.
3、区分以下句子:
A. What does he look like?
B. What is he like?
A句译为“他长相如何?”指一个人的外貌特征;而B句译为“他人怎么样?”指人的性格特点.
C. The boy like Peter is over there.
D. A boy like Peter can't do it.
A句指外貌相似,而D句指性格相似.
21) stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth
1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事”.如:
The students stop to listen to their teacher.
学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话.
2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事”.如:
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话.
与它们相反的句式是:go on to do sth “继续做某事(与刚才一事不同)”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事(与刚才同一件事)”.如:
He finishes his homework and goes on to study English.
他完成了作业,接着继续去念英语.
They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏.
22) tell, speak, say 与 talk
1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”,指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事.如:
He tells me that he wants to be a teacher.
他告诉我说他想成为一位教师.
Father always tells interesting stories to us.
爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事.
tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事”.如:
He told me something about his past.
他告诉我一些他的往事.
tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事”.如:
David told his son to do the homework.
大卫要他的儿子去做作业.
2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”,后面主要接语言.如:
He can speak English and a little Chinese.
他能讲英语和一点汉语.
speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话”.如:
Can I speak to Mr Zhang?
我能和张先生讲话吗?
speak of 意为“提到、说起”.如:
The book speaks of my hometown.
那本书提到我的家乡.
3. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”,如果只有一方对另一方说话时,一般用 talk to;如果双方或多方交谈,多用 with.如:
Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话.
He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈.
talk about 意为“谈论.”.如:
They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影.
have a talk with 意为“与.交谈”.如:
Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗?
4. say 意为“说”.如:
Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗?
say to 意为“对.说”.如:
He said to his students that they would have a test.
他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试.
It is said that... 意为“据说”.如:
It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time.
据说他能呆在水里很长时间.
23) Excuse me! 与 I'm sorry!
1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了!对不起!”,一般是为了与陌生人搭话,或者要打断对方所说(做)的事.如:
Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood?
请问,附近有旅馆吗?
Excuse me, could I say something?
打搅一下,我能说一些吗?
2. I'm sorry! 意为“对不起!”,表示道歉.如:
I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again.
对不起,张先生.我不会这么做了.
24) 表示时间的 in、on 与 at
in, on 与 at 都可以和表示时间的词(组)连用.
1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间.如:
in the morning 在上午
in May, 2004 在2004年五月
in a week 在一周之内(后)
It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days.
现在是星期天,我能在两天后完成.(星期二)
Rome was not built in a day.
罗马不是在一天内建起来的.
2. on 主要指在具体的一天.如:
on Sunday 在星期天
on May Day 在“五一”节
on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午
He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004.
他于2004年4月26日到达北京.
3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间.如:
at 8:00 在八点
at noon 在中午
I always get up at 6:00 every morning.
我总是每天早晨六点起床.
It's always warm at this time of year.
每年的这个时候总是暖和的.
25) Other及其用法
Other 及其相近的词(组),如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等,一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题,平常的考试、作业中经常出错.下面是它们的一些用法:
1、other 指其余的人或物,所有格是 other's,复数形式是 others,the other 指“两个人或物中的另一个”,其复数形式是 the others,others 相当于“other + 名词”,所以不能充当定语,修饰名词.others指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分,但不是全部的,即 some...others (一些...其余的人...).the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部,即some...the others.
2、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个”.由 an 和 other 合并构成,所以不能和冠词连用.another 修饰单数名词,比如:another pencil.
3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”,后面要用名词的单数形式.
26) look 短语
常见的look短语有以下这些:
1.look at 朝.看
Please look at the map of China.
请看中国地图.(look at=have a look at)
2.look for 寻找
The old man is looking for his dog.
老人在寻找他的狗.
3.look like 看起来像
Nancy looks like her mother.
南希看起来像她母亲.
4.look the same 看上去一样
Li Ping and Li Jing look the same.
李萍和李晶看上去一样.
5.look up 查找
Please look up the word in the dictionary.
请在词典中查找这个单词.
6.look over 仔细检查
The doctor looked over Mary carefully.
医生仔细检查了玛丽.
7.look after 照顾,照看
You must look after your old father.
你必须照顾你的老父亲.
8.look around 到处寻找、查看
We looked around, but we found nothing strange.
我们四处查看,但是我们没有发现奇怪的东西.
27) too,also与either
1.too用于肯定句和疑问句,一般放在句尾,其前常加逗号.如:
We are in the same school, too.
我们也在相同的学校.
Do you play soccer every day, too?
你也每天踢足球吗?
2.also用于肯定句和疑问句,一般位于实义动词前、be动词后.如:
Sandra is also a Korean student.
Sandra 也是一个韩国学生.
3.either用于否定句,一般放在句末.如:
They don't know the answer, either.
她们也不知道答案.
4.as wl as也有“也”的意思.如:
We have great mushroom pizza as well as soda.
He is a happy boy as well.
28) hard与hardly
1.hard既可作形容词,也可作副词.如:
It's a hard(adj.) question. (=difficult)
这是一个难的问题.
The boy studies very hard(adv.).
那男孩学习非常努力.
句子结构:It's hard for sb to do sth 做某事对某人来说是难的.如:
It's hard for him to finish the work. 完成那项工作对他来说很难.
注意区分:hard work 困难的工作
work hard 努力工作
2.hardly是频度副词,表示否定的意思.(=almost not)通常用在形容词、副词和动词之前.如:
I can hardly see it.
我几乎看不到它.
29) sometime,sometimes,some time与some times
1.sometime是时间副词,指不确定的将来或过去某一点时间(某时候或任何时候),不指一段时间.如:
We'll go to Beijing sometime next month.
我们下个月某一时候会去北京.
2.sometimes是频度副词,指“有时”、“不时”的意思(=at times).如:
Sometimes I get up very late on Sunday morning.
有时候我在星期天早晨起得很晚.
3.some time是名词词组,指一段时间(一些时间或若干时间).如:
It took him some time to finish the book.
她花了一些时间去完成作业.
4.some times指“几次”.如:
He met the woman some times last month.
上个月他见过那妇女几次.
30) exercise的一些用法
1.作不及物动词,译为“运动,锻炼”.如:
David exercises every morning.
大卫每天早晨进行锻炼.
2.作及物动词,译为“训练”.如:
Swimming exercises the whole body.
游泳能使身体得到全面的锻炼.
3.作名词,译为“体育锻炼、运动、体操、练习题”等.如:
It's good to do eye exercises every day.
每天做眼保键操对眼睛有好处.
Please do more exercise from now on.
从今以后请多做运动吧.
I have lots of homework to do tonight.
今晚我有很多的作业要做.
4.注意:exercise指具体运动或体操时是可数名词,复数形式为exercises;泛指运动时是不可数名词.