英语翻译Until recently,up-to-date and comprehensive data on smal

英语翻译
Until recently,up-to-date and comprehensive data on small business finances have been lacking.Some data have been available in aggregate form,such as the Internal Revenue Service's Statistics of Income (1994) and the Bureau of the Census' Characteristics of Small Business Owners (1991).However,data at the micro level generally have been unavailable to the public,primarily due to concerns about confidentiality and privacy.
In the past few years,new sources for studying issues of small business
finance have begun to appear.In this paper,I will describe three important ``new'' sources of publicly available micro-level data which can be used to study a variety of issues in small business finance.These three sources are Call Report data on small business loans,the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF),and the National Survey of Small Business Finances (NSSBF).1 For each of these data sources,the discussion includes a brief description of the content,a summary of important advantages and limitations,and a few citations of research using these data.
Since 1993,the Federal Reserve and other regulatory agencies have required insured depository institutions to report on small business lending in the midyear Reports of Condition and Income (Call Report).2 These data were collected to measure the extent of insured depository institutions' lending to small businesses.The unit of observation for this data set is a federally insured depository institution.In 1997,there were about 9000 commercial banks and about 2000 thrift institutions reporting.Some reporting problems occurred in the ®rst year (1993),but since 1994 the data have been reliable (see Table 1).Insured depository institutions report on two types of ``small business'' loans:(l) Commercial and Industrial Loans to US Addresses and (2) Loans Secured by Nonfarm Nonresidential Properties.For each type,depository institutions report the number and amount outstanding for loans with origination amounts of less than $100,000,$100,000±$250,000,and $250,000 to less than $1,000,000.Origination amounts are the maximum of the loan extension,loan commitment,or total loan value if the extension is part of a loan participation.(Similar information is also collected for two types of small farm loans.) Attractive features of the Call Report data set are:(i) it is a census,not a survey - all insured depository institutions are required to report these data on the Call; (ii) it is fairly timely - data are available within six months; (iii) panel data can be constructed from each annual cross section to study changes in depository lending to small businesses over time; and (iv) information about the characteristics of the depository institutions (available from the Call Report) can be matched with the small loan data.Unfortunately,these data do not include any loan contract information other than loan size nor are data available on the firms to which these loans are made.

在过去的几年,已经开始出现有助于研究小型企业财务状况的新的数据源.在这篇文章中,我要具体介绍三种可以对外公开的、微观细化的 “新型”数据源.通过它们,我们将能够研究各种各样关于小型企业财务状况的问题.这三个数据源分别是：“关于小型企业商业贷款的财政报告”、“消费者财务状况调查”和“国家小型企业财务调查报告”.
1. 对于每一个数据源的讨论都包括内容简介、主要优势和局限的总概以及一些使用过这些数据的研究例子.从1993年开始,联邦储备系统和其他常务机构一直要求被保险的储蓄机构在年中的《企业生存状况与收入报告》中,向他们汇报小型企业的借贷情况.
2. 收集这些数据是为了衡量被保险的储蓄机构为小型企业提供贷款的范围.为了这个数据而建立的观察组织属于联邦保险的性质.在1997年,大约有9000家商业银行和2000家储蓄机构进行了汇报.在1993年,这些汇报曾经出现了某些问题；不过从1994年至今,汇报提供的数据已经可靠了.受到破产法保护的储蓄机构反映了两类小型商业贷款：1.提供给美国议会呈文的工商业贷款和2.受非农业、非居民财产保护的贷款.
储蓄机构提供了两种贷款类型的具体数额和未偿还贷款数据,并附着（后面的看不明白,我严重怀疑打错了- -）.存款储备金是商业贷款总额的最大值,贷款者应尽的义务,或者贷款总价值——如果贷款范围参与进整个贷款的话.（小型农业贷款的两种类型也显示了相似的信息.）这个财政报告最有趣的特点是：1.这是普查报告,而不是小范围调查,所有的收到保险法保护的储蓄机构都必须汇报数据2.本报告相当具有时效性,所有的数据在六个月内都有效.3.所有固定样本数据可以构建成年度财况横截面,用于研究小型商业贷款数额近年来的变化.4.关于储蓄机构（财政报告中利用到的）规格参数表的信息与小型贷款数据相匹配.
但是不幸的,这些数据除了贷款规模,不包含任何贷款合同信息和关于那些商业贷款去向的数据.