英语翻译4.End of Software release cycleOne of the defining chara

英语翻译
4.End of Software release cycle
One of the defining characteristics of internet era software is that it is delivered as a service,not as a product.This fact leads to a number of fundamental changes in the business model of such a company:
Operations must become a core competency.Google's or Yahoo!'s expertise in productdevelopment must be matched by an expertise in daily operations.So fundamental is the shift from software as artifact to software as service that the software will cease to perform unless it is maintained on a daily basis.Google must continuously crawl the web and update its indices,continuously filter out link spam and other attempts to influence its results,continuously and dynamically respond to hundreds of millions of asynchronous user queries,simultaneously matching them with context-appropriate advertisements.
Users must be treated as co-developers,in a reflection of open source development practices (even if the software in question is unlikely to be released under an open source license.) The open source dictum,"release early and release often" in fact has morphed into an even more radical position,"the perpetual beta," in which the product is developed in the open,with new features slipstreamed in on a monthly,weekly,or even daily basis.It's no accident that services such as Gmail,Google Maps,Flickr,del.icio.us,and the like may be expected to bear a "Beta" logo for years at a time.
5.Lightweight programming models
Once the idea of web services became au courant,large companies jumped into the fray with a complex web services stack designed to create highly reliable programming environments for distributed applications.
But much as the web succeeded precisely because it overthrew much of hypertext theory,substituting a simple pragmatism for ideal design,RSS has become perhaps the single most widely deployed web service because of its simplicity,while the complex corporate web services stacks have yet to achieve wide deployment.
Similarly,Amazon.com's web services are provided in two forms:one adhering to the formalisms of the SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) web services stack,the other simply providing XML data over HTTP,in a lightweight approach sometimes referred to as REST (Representational State Transfer).While high value B2B connections (like those between Amazon and retail partners like ToysRUs) use the SOAP stack,Amazon reports that 95% of the usage is of the lightweight REST service.

4.完软件发布周期
对互联网时代软件的特点之一是它是作为一种服务,作为产品交付的.这一事实导致了在这样一家公司的商业模式根本的变化：
行动必须成为一种核心竞争力.谷歌的或雅虎知识在productdevelopment必须由在日常业务中的专业知识相匹配.所以,根本的是从的工件作为服务,软件将终止履行,除非是维持每日basis.Google必须不断抓取网页并更新其索引软件的软件转变,
不断过滤掉链接垃圾和其他试图影响其结果,不断动态响应的异步亿万用户查询,同时匹配上下文他们适当的广告.
用户必须被视为共同在一个开放源码开发实践的反映发展商,（即使有问题的软件是不可能在开源许可证下发布的.）的开放源码的格言“早发布并常发布”其实现在已经发展成一种更为激进的立场,“在永久测试”,即该产品是在开放开发,
新功能整合安装在每月,每周,甚至每天的基础.这不,如Gmail,谷歌地图,的Flickr,del.icio.us服务等预期可能承担年“测试”标识一次事故.
5.轻量级的编程模型
一旦Web服务成为金报的想法,大企业一跃成为弗赖一个复杂的Web服务栈,旨在创建高度可靠的分布式应用程序的编程环境.
但是,随着网络的许多成功正是因为它推翻了许多超文本理论,以一种理想的设计简单的实用主义,RSS已经成为可能是最广泛采用,其优点单个Web服务,而复杂的企业Web服务栈尚未实现广泛部署.
同样地,Amazon.com的网络服务中提供了两种形式：一是坚持的SOAP（简单对象访问协议）网络服务堆栈的形式主义,其他仅仅提供了一个轻量级的方法通过HTTP XML数据,有时也被称为REST来（具象状态传输）.
虽然高附加值（如亚马逊之间像玩具反斗城零售合作伙伴的）企业对企业连接使用SOAP协议栈,亚马逊报告说,95％的使用轻量级REST的服务.