告诉孩子,牛顿站在哪些巨人的肩上!

告诉孩子,牛顿站在哪些巨人的肩上!

博雅上海牛顿不仅以力学三大定律和万有引力理论开创了经典物理学时代,而且也是数学领域中微积分学的创始人.Much of today's science of physics is based on Newton's discovery ofthe three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton also developed one of the most powerful tools of mathematics. It is the method we call calculus. “我之所以看得远,是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上”这些巨人是谁呢?伽俐略、哥白尼等Late in his life, Newton said of his work: "If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants. " One of those giants was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Galileo died the same year Newton was born. Another of the giants was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus. He lived a hundred years before Newton. Copernicus had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus. Isaac Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched. 牛顿喜欢什么呢?喜欢制作小东西,喜欢发明新方法去回答问题,解决问题.Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England, on December twenty-fifth, sixteen forty-two. He was born early. He was a small baby and very weak. No one expected him to survive. But he surprised everyone. He had one of the most powerful minds in history. And he lived until he was eighty-four. Newton's father died before he was born. His mother married again a few years later. She left Isaac with his grandmother. The boy was not a good student. Yet he liked to make things, such as kites and clocks and simple machines. Newton also enjoyed finding new ways to answer questions or solve problems. As a boy, for example, he decided to find a way to measure the speed of the wind. 你会想办法使用各种方法来测风力吗?On a windy day, he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back. Then he measured how far he could jump with the wind in his face. From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the strength of the wind.Strangely, Newton became a much better student after a boy kicked him in the stomach. The boy was one of the best students in the school. Newton decided to get even by getting higher marks than the boy who kicked him. In a short time, Newton became the top student at the school. 牛顿曾经在农场干活,后来,到剑桥大学完成了5年的数学学习.Newton left school to help on the family farm. It soon became clear, however, that the boy was not a good farmer. He spent his time solving mathematical problems, instead of taking care of the crops. He spent hours visiting a bookstore in town, instead of selling his vegetables in the market. An uncle decided that Newton would do better as a student than as a farmer. So he helped the young man enter CambridgeUniversityto study mathematics. Newton completed his university studies five years later, in sixteen sixty-five. He was twenty-two years old. 牛顿为避免瘟疫又回到农场,用学过的数学去研究宇宙,去设计更多的实验方法.可见重要的,不仅是知识,而是如何采取各种方法去获得事物的规律,从而学习知识,或发现规律.At that time, a deadly plague was spreading across England. To escape the disease, Newton returned to the family farm. He did more thinking than farming. In doing so, he found the answers to some of the greatest mysteries of science. Newtonused his great skill in mathematics to form a better understanding of the world and the universe. He used methods he had learned as a boy in making things. He experimented. Then he studied the results and used what he had learned to design new experiments. 用数学方法测量固体物中物料的过程中,他发明了积分.Newton's work led him to create a new method in mathematics for measuring areas curved in shape. He also used it to find how much material was contained in solid objects. The method he created became known as integral calculus. 从发现苹果落地,到探究测量,使他发明了万有引力!并做实验发现与之相关的因素.One day, sitting in the garden, Newton watched an apple fall from a tree. He began to wonder if the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon circling the earth. Newton believed it was. And he believed it could be measured. He called the force "gravity. " He began to examine it carefully. He decided that the strength of the force keeping a planet in orbit around the sun depended on two things. One was the amount of mass in the planet and the sun. The other was how far apart they were. Newton was able to find the exact relationship between distance and gravity. He multiplied the mass of one space object by the mass of the other. Then he divided that number by the square of their distance apart. The result was the strength of the gravity force that tied them to each other. Newton proved his idea by measuring how much gravity force would be needed to keep the moon orbiting the Earth. Then he measured the mass of the Earth and the moon, and the distance between them. He found that his measurement of the gravity force produced was not the same as the force needed. But the numbers were close. Newton did not tell anyone about his discovery. He put it aside to work on other ideas. Later, with correct measurements of the size of the Earth, he found that the numbers were exactly the same. 牛顿关于白光由色光组成的发现为近代物理光学奠定了基础.并且他将玻璃换成透镜,做成了牛顿反射式望远镜.Newton spent time studying light and colors. He used a three-sided piece of glass called a prism. He sent a beam of sunlight through the prism. It fell on a white surface. The prism separated the beam of sunlight into the colors of a rainbow. Newton believed that all these colors -- mixed together in light -- produced the color white. He proved this by letting the beam of rainbow-colored light pass through another prism. This changed the colored light back to white light. Newton's study of light led him to learn why faraway objects seen through a telescope do not seem sharp and clear. The curved glass lenses at each end of the telescope acted like prisms. They produced a circle of colored light around an object. This created an unclear picture. A few years later, Newton built a different kind of telescope. It used a curved Isaac Newton invented a telescope that used a mirror instead of a lens. To this day, they are call Newtonian telescopes.mirror to make faraway objects seem larger. Light reflected from the surface of the mirror, instead of passing through a curved glass lens. Newton's reflecting telescope produced much clearer pictures than the old kind of telescope. 天文学家哈雷促成了牛顿理论的问世.1687年,他的划时代的巨著《自然科学的哲学原理》问世.牛顿开创的物理学体系占主导位置长达二百多年,成为很多科学进步和发现的基础.Years later, the British astronomer Edmund Halley visited Newton. He said he wanted Newton's help in finding an answer to a problem no one had been able to solve. The question was this: What is the path of a planet going around the sun?Newton immediately gave Haley the answer: an egg-shaped path called an ellipse. Halley was surprised. He asked for Newton's proof. Newton no longer had the papers from his earlier work. He was able to recreate them, however. He showed them to Halley. He also showed Halley all his other scientific work. Halley said Newton's scientific discoveries were the greatest ever made. He urged Newton to share them with the world. Newton began to write a book that explained what he had done. It was published in sixteen eighty-seven. Newton called his book "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy." The book is considered the greatest scientific work ever written. 书中的三大力学理论：第一定律：物体在没有外力作用的情况下会保持原有的状态,静止状态或匀速直线运动状态.物体保持这种运动状态的特性,称为惯性.