英语翻译7、The change in meaning of dog,from a particular breed o

英语翻译
7、The change in meaning of dog,from a particular breed of dogs to dogs in general,for instance,is not a move towards a more subjective meaning (though,significantly,it is not a development in the opposite direction either).
8、 and is,in this respect,a notorious oddity in the eyes of language typologists.
9、 However,for many inanimate and abstract nouns in most contexts we feel uncomfortable using a separate morphological form if we want to indicate ‘possession,preferring the of-construction instead,e.g.the thrill of a live concert rather than a live concert’s thrill.The of- construction does not count as a separate form of the noun as it clearly involves other elements and the noun itself remains the same,so we only have a single form (here:concert).Croft (2003:137) suggests that the reason why the hierarchy from first and second person personal pronouns to inanimate/abstract nouns is ordered the way it is,is that the more similar persons and things are to ourselves,the more distinctions we are likely to recognise.
10、:a speaker makes some sort of creative association or connection between some idea s/he wants to express and (the meaning of) some existing word or expression.The mechanisms by which these connections are made are clearly psychological in nature.They were touched upon above — see for example the Advances box on subjectification.
11、One may wonder why nonce-formations do not spread to other speakers,why some changes only spread to a few speakers,and others,to most or all of them.

7.比如说,狗这个字的意思的改变,从某个品种到所有狗,并不是向着一个主观意思而改变（然而,不容忽视的是,这个字的意思也并不是向着相反的方向而演变（此处指客观意思） ）.
8.……在这个方面,它（某某东西,缺前句）在语言类型学家看来 是一个极为明显的特例.
9.然而,对于许多非生命的和抽象的名词,在很多语境中,我们不习惯使用一个独立的变形来表示从属关系,相反我们更喜欢使用 “of" 构词结构.比如说,表达一场现场的演唱会的紧张刺激的氛围时,用 “the thrill of a live concert" 而不用 “the live concert's thrill".“of"构词结构并不是名词的独立形式,因为很明显它包括了其他元素,并且名词本身不发生变化.因此这类名词我们只有一种形式 （例子中的名词 concert）.Croft (2003:137)认为,从第一和第二人称指代名词到非生命或抽象名词,这些名词之所以存在等级关系的差别,是因为名词所描述的人和事物对我们来说越相似,我们越愿意把这些名词 来区别对待（ 以免混淆）.
10.说话者将他/她想表达的观点和某些已有的词或词组（的意思）关联或联系起来.这些关联在本质上属于心理性的构造方法.它们是一种以一个较高的,非客观的,或是抽象的角度来描述事物的方式（并不是从事物的本质特征来描述）.例子可见”Advances box on subjectification".
11.某人也许会疑惑 为什么特定词的生成并不会向其它语言使用者扩散（这里特定词,指某些专门人为创造的,只为表达某个特定事物的单词,比如莎翁自创的 “Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious”,表示屌炸天美到爆）,为什么某些特定词只会于一些语言使用者间扩散,而其他特定词会向多数或全部使用者扩散.